Category Archives: South African Wildlife

The inhabitants of South Africa’s wild places

Common Hottentot Skipper Butterfly

Gegenes niso

The Common Hottentot Skipper is a small (3cm wingspan) but lively butterfly, flying fast over short distances (hence the “skipper” name) and often coming to rest for short periods on flowers or grass stems and at mud puddles. They occur in grasslands and grassy patches in a wide range of other habitats, from the Western Cape through the Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal and the Free State to Limpopo Province, and throughout most of the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. Males are territorial and fiercely aggressive to other males venturing into their space. Females lay single eggs on a wide variety of grasses, which the larvae uses as food. Adults can be seen right through the year.

Common Hottentot Skipper (male)

Common Hottentot Skipper (males)

Common Hottentot Skipper (male)

Common Hottentot Skipper (female)

Common Hottentot Skipper (male)

Amur Falcon

30 Replies

Falco amurensis

The Amur Falcon is a summer (October to May) visitor to South Africa, particularly the eastern half of the country, migrating in their thousands over enormous distances of over 11,000km to get here from their Asian (Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea) breeding grounds – among the longest distances migrated by any raptors. They live in open country, preferring grasslands, open savannas and agricultural areas, and feed on a wide variety of larger insects and occasionally small birds, mammals and frogs. Adults measure around 30cm in length and weigh about 140g.

Amur Falcons are usually seen in large flocks sitting on telephone wires and fencelines and sleeping in colonies that may number into the tens of thousands in high trees, often exotics standing in towns and cities.

The IUCN considers the Amur Falcon to be of least concern, though they are hunted extensively while migrating.

Amur Falcon

Amur Falcon (photo by Joubert)

Amur Falcons at sunset

Amur Falcon female

Amur Falcon

Amur Falcons

Amur Falcon female (photo by Joubert)

Amur Falcon male

Broad-bordered Grass Yellow

28 Replies

Eurema brigitta

The Broad-bordered Grass Yellow is a very common butterfly in grassland and savanna habitats, occurring over all of South Africa with the exception of most of the Western and Northern Cape provinces. They’re also widely distributed over the rest of Africa, the islands in the India Ocean, India, south-east Asia, and Australia. Adults can be seen throughout the year, flying low to the ground, perching on flowers and blades of grass and often congregating at muddy puddles. At rest they’ll often hang below small plants, looking like dead leaves moving in the breeze. Adults have a wingspan of around 3.5cm.

Broad-bordered Grass Yellow

Broad-bordered Grass Yellows

Broad-bordered Grass Yellow in flight

Broad-bordered Grass Yellow

Broad-bordered Grass Yellows

Wood Sandpiper

21 Replies

Tringa glareola

The Wood Sandpiper is another wading bird that migrates to South Africa from its northern breeding grounds to escape the harsh cold of winter in those parts. When they’re here, between August and May, they are one of the most numerous waders to be seen and can be expected at almost any freshwater habitat in any province.

Wood Sandpipers are usually encountered singly, in pairs or in small groups and seldom occurs at estuaries, river mouths or along the beach, preferring freshwater marshes, dams and temporary pans with inundated vegetation. They feed mainly on aquatic and terrestrial worms, insects, crustaceans, small frogs and small fish, with seeds of various plants being a minor addition to their diet.

Adults measure about 20cm in length, with a wingspan of ±55cm and a weight of 60-80g.

With a total population estimated at over 3 million, distributed across much of Asia and Europe in the breeding season and migrating to Africa, tropical Asia and Australia during the northern winter, the IUCN lists the Wood Sandpiper as being of least concern.

Wood sandpiper at Sunset Dam

Wood Sandpiper

Wood Sandpiper at Leeupan

Wood Sandpiper

Common Orange Tip

26 Replies

Colotis evenina

The Common Orange Tip is a common and widespread savanna butterfly, occurring in all South Africa’s provinces with the exception of the Western Cape and as far north as Ethiopia and Somalia. They are striking butterflies that fly low and fast, staying within close proximity to flowers. Eggs are laid singly on Boscia-plants (including the Shepherd’s Tree) and Caperbushes (Capparis-spp). Adults have a wingspan of 3.5 – 5cm and are on the wing throughout the year (though most numerous in late summer and autumn).

Common Orange Tip butterfly (male)

Common Orange Tip (male)

Common Orange Tip (female)

Common Orange Tip (male)

Common Orange Tip (female)

Common Orange Tip

Common Orange Tip (female)

Common Orange Tip (male)

Common Orange Tip Butterfly

Brown Snake Eagle

16 Replies

Circaetus cinereus

An inhabitant of savannas and open woodland areas, where they are often seen on high vantage points such as dead trees or utility poles, the Brown Snake Eagle subsist on a diet of snakes (large and venomous kinds included) and other reptiles and smaller mammals.

Adult Brown Snake Eagles are usually solitary, except in the summer breeding season when they form monogamous pairs and construct their stick nests on the flat crowns of thorn trees, also often taking over the abandoned nests of other raptors and refurbishing these for their own needs. They usually lay and hatch only one egg at a time, the female incubating the egg for around 7 weeks with the male feeding her at the nest and the hatchling taking to the wing for the first time when it is about 3 months old. Adult Brown Snake Eagles weigh around 2kg, and measure about 74cm in length with a wingspan of 1.6m or so.

Despite noting that some populations are declining due to habitat loss and poisoning, the IUCN currently lists the Brown Snake Eagle as being of least concern. It is widely distributed over the savanna regions of sub-Saharan Africa, and in South Africa is found predominantly in the north-east of the country, from Kwazulu-Natal to North West Province through Mpumalanga, Limpopo and northern Gauteng, where they are much more commonly encountered inside large conservation areas than outside in the adjacent rural areas.

Brown Snake-Eagle

Brown Snake Eagle

Brown Snake Eagle (photo by Joubert)

Brown Snake Eagle

Immature Brown Snake Eagle (photo by Joubert)

Brown Snake Eagle

Gaudy Commodore

21 Replies

Precis octavia

The strikingly beautiful Gaudy Commodore inhabits rocky grasslands, savannas and gardens and in South Africa can be found from the Eastern Cape northwards to the Lowveld and Limpopo Valley. North of our borders they occur in similar habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa. They are restless and fast fliers, often hiding in the shade along stream banks and earthen walls in winter though commonly encountered in the open on hilltops during warmer weather. Eggs are laid singly and the larvae is sustained by a wide range of food plants. Adult Gaudy Commodores have a wingspan of 5 – 6.5cm and can be seen throughout the year.

Gaudy Commodore (dry season form)

Gaudy Commodore butterfly (dry season form)

Gaudy Commodore (dry season form)

Rainbow Skink

19 Replies

Trachylepis margaritifera

The Rainbow Skink, or Five-lined Skink, is an active lizard occurring in rocky terrain in savanna habitats from Kwazulu-Natal, through the Lowveld and Limpopo Valley to as far north as Kenya. They feed primarily on insects and other invertebrates. Males are territorial. Females lay one, perhaps two, clutches of 6-10 eggs in summer, with the baby skinks emerging around two months later. Females, adolescents and immature males exhibit the distinct lines and brilliant blue tails associated with this species, while the adult males have an olive base-colouration speckled with tiny white spots. Adults may grow to 20cm in length, including the tail. The IUCN lists the Rainbow Skink as being of least concern.

Rainbow Skink

Rainbow Skink (male)

Rainbow Skink

Rainbow Skink (male)

Male Rainbow Skink

Rainbow Skink female

Male Rainbow Skink

Rainbow Skink male, female and juvenile

Male Rainbow Skink

Violet-backed Starling

17 Replies

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster

Violet-backed Starlings occur throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa, migrating to South Africa to breed from October to April and they can then be found in Kwazulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng and North West Province. They inhabit savannas, various kinds of woodland habitats, and gardens, feeding on fruit and insects.

The Violet-backed Starling is one of the smaller members of its family, growing to about 18cm in length and weighing around 45g. The males and females are so dimorphic that they may easily be confused for two different species.

Usually seen in monogamous pairs, or small flocks (fewer than 20 birds) at the end of the breeding season before starting their migration back northwards, Violet-backed Starlings breed in holes in trees or fence posts. The female is singly responsible for the incubation of the clutch of 2-4 eggs over a 2 week period, though the male takes an active role in feeding the chicks until they fledge about 3 weeks after hatching.

The IUCN lists the Violet-backed Starling as being of least concern, though it does note that their populations may be declining due to habitat degradation.

Violet-backed Starling

Male Violet-backed Starling

Female Violet-backed Starling

Violet-backed Starling

Violet-backed Starling (male)

Violet-backed Starling (female)

Violet-backed Starling (male)

Female Violet-backed Starling

Violet-backed Starling male (photo by Joubert)

Female Violet-backed Starling (photo by Joubert)

Violet-backed Starlings

Single-striped Grass Mouse

25 Replies

Lemniscomys rosalia

A commonly encountered rodent thanks to its diurnal nature, the Single-striped Grass Mouse is found in a wide range of habitats, from dry scrub to savanna and even the edge of cultivated farmlands wherever good grass cover is available. Grass and seeds make up the bulk of its diet, with other green plant material and a wide range of invertebrates making up the remainder.

Single-striped Grass Mice dig their own burrows at the base of grass tussocks or bushes, from which a network of paths radiate under dense vegetation leading to their favourite foraging grounds. Home burrows may be inhabited by solitary individuals, pairs or family groups. Females give birth to litters of 2-11 babies (usually 4 or 5) during spring and summer after a 4 week gestation. The young are weaned within 3 weeks of birth. In the wild they seldom live longer than a year. Adults grow to a total length of up to 30cm, of which the tail makes up roughly half, and weigh around 60g.

The Single-striped Grass Mouse is considered of least concern and has two centres of distribution: a north-eastern in Kenya and Tanzania, and a southern from Zambia and Malawi to South Africa’s northern provinces (Limpopo, North West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Kwazulu-Natal).